Calcium to Phosphorus Ratio in Horse Diets: Why It Matters

Learning to find and assess the digital pulse is one of those skills that seems intimidating until you've done it a few times, and then it becomes second nature. It's also one of the most valuable quick checks you can do on a horse's feet. A bounding digital pulse tells you something is wrong down there, inflammation, abscess, laminitis, often before the horse is obviously lame. If you spend enough time around horses, this skill will pay off. Guaranteed.

What Is the Digital Pulse?

The digital arteries supply blood to the hoof. Each leg has two, a medial and lateral digital artery, that run down either side of the pastern and into the foot. You can feel these arteries pulsing where they pass over the fetlock joint and down the pastern, similar to how you'd feel your own pulse at the wrist. They're superficial enough to palpate but small enough that subtlety is the defining characteristic when things are normal.

In a healthy, non-inflamed foot, the digital pulse is faint. Really faint. Beginners often can't find it at all on a normal horse, and that's actually fine, it means everything is working properly. The pulse is there, it's just subtle because the blood is flowing through the hoof vasculature smoothly and without resistance. The laminar dermis inside the hoof contains an elaborate network of capillaries and arteriovenous anastomoses, and when all of that plumbing is healthy, blood moves through it like water through an open garden hose. No turbulence. No backpressure. No drama.

When something goes wrong inside the hoof, inflammation from laminitis, infection from an abscess, bruising from a stone, the blood vessels in the foot dilate and the tissue swells. Blood is being pumped in against increased resistance. The result is a digital pulse that becomes easier to feel, sometimes dramatically so. Veterinarians and experienced horse people describe this as a "bounding" pulse, and that word is precisely right. You can feel it thumping against your fingers without even trying hard. UC Davis researchers describe the bounding digital pulse as one of the earliest and most reliable clinical indicators of hoof inflammation, often detectable hours before obvious lameness develops.

How to Find It

There are a few spots where you can palpate the digital pulse. The most commonly used one is at the level of the fetlock, where the artery passes over the sesamoid bones at the back of the joint.

Here's how to do it:

1. Stand beside the horse (not directly behind, common sense, but worth saying every single time).
2. Run your hand down the back of the cannon bone toward the fetlock. Take your time. Let the horse know you're there.
3. At the fetlock, you'll feel the soft tissue on either side of the back of the joint, just above the ergot. The tendons are in the middle, thick and cord-like. The arteries run along the sides, nestled in the grooves between structures.
4. Place your index and middle fingers (not your thumb, your thumb has its own pulse and will confuse you into thinking you've found something that isn't there) lightly against this area. You're feeling for the medial or lateral digital artery.
5. Apply gentle, consistent pressure. Too hard and you'll compress the artery shut, obliterating the pulse entirely. Too light and you won't feel anything. Finding that sweet spot takes practice, same as learning to find a heartbeat with a stethoscope.
6. Be patient. On a normal horse, you might need to hold your fingers in place for 15 to 30 seconds before you detect the faint pulsation. It's there. You just have to wait for it.

Another location is lower, along the pastern, in the groove between the extensor tendon and the digital flexor tendons. Some people find this easier because the artery is more superficial there and there's less tissue to palpate through. Either location works. Pick the one where you can reliably feel it and stick with that for consistency.

Pro tip: practice on every horse you handle. Feel the digital pulse when they're healthy and sound so you develop a sense of what "normal faint" feels like across different horses. Some naturally have a slightly more palpable digital pulse than others, bigger, more vascular feet tend to have a slightly stronger baseline. Draft crosses, for instance, often have a pulse that's easier to locate than a fine-boned Thoroughbred's. Knowing your horse's individual baseline is invaluable when you're trying to decide if something is abnormal on a Tuesday morning when the horse seems just slightly off.

The AAEP recommends that all horse owners learn digital pulse assessment as part of routine health monitoring, ranking it alongside knowing how to take a temperature and check gut sounds. It belongs in your basic toolkit.

What a Bounding Pulse Means

An increased or bounding digital pulse indicates inflammation within the hoof. It doesn't tell you exactly what's causing it, that requires further examination, but it narrows things down considerably. The two most common causes are:

Hoof Abscess

An abscess is a localized pocket of infection inside the hoof. Bacteria enter through a crack, a nail hole, a white line defect, or a bruise that gets contaminated. The infection creates pressure inside the rigid hoof capsule, which is extremely painful. Horses with abscesses are often dramatically, suddenly lame. Three-legged lame. Barely touching the toe to the ground lame. Non-weight-bearing lame, sometimes, to the point that panicked owners call thinking the leg is broken.

The digital pulse on the affected foot will typically be bounding, and that finding alone can help differentiate an abscess from other causes of acute lameness before your vet even arrives. If you check both front feet (or both hinds), the difference between the abscessed foot and the normal one is usually striking. The increased pulse is unilateral, just the affected foot, throbbing away while the opposite foot sits quiet. That asymmetry is the giveaway.

Abscesses are common after wet-to-dry weather transitions, which soften the sole enough to let bacteria migrate inward and then seal them in as the hoof dries and hardens. Spring and fall are peak abscess season in most of the country. Texas A&M's farriery department notes that horses with thin soles, flat feet, or chronic white line disease are disproportionately susceptible.

Laminitis

Laminitis involves inflammation and damage to the laminae, the interlocking tissue structures that connect the coffin bone to the hoof wall. Think of the laminae as Velcro holding the skeleton of the foot to the outer capsule. When they inflame and weaken, everything is at risk. Laminitis can affect one foot, but more commonly affects both front feet, or all four in severe metabolic cases. A bounding digital pulse in both front feet, especially in a horse that's shifting weight and standing with its front feet camped out ahead of its body, is a classic laminitis presentation that should make you move fast.

The digital pulse in laminitis can be dramatic. Pounding. Easily felt. Impossible to miss even for someone who's never done this before. If you pick up a strong, bounding pulse in both front feet of a horse that seems uncomfortable, treat it as an emergency. Call your vet immediately. Do not wait to see if it improves. According to the Merck Veterinary Manual, early intervention during the developmental phase of laminitis, before mechanical separation of the laminae occurs, significantly improves long-term prognosis. The first 24 to 72 hours determine outcomes that last the rest of the horse's life.

Other Causes

Less commonly, an increased digital pulse can result from a close or hot nail after shoeing, a sole bruise, a fractured coffin bone, or generalized inflammation from sustained work on hard or rocky ground. Horses that have just done a long rocky trail ride may show mildly elevated digital pulses for a few hours afterward. The key is always context. What else is going on? Is the horse lame? Is it sudden or gradual? One foot or multiple? Did anything change recently, new shoes, new turnout, new pasture, a grain bin incident? Each detail tightens the diagnostic picture.

Assessing What You Find

Think of the digital pulse on a spectrum rather than a binary yes-or-no:

• Absent or barely perceptible - Normal. This is what you want. The foot is happy and the vasculature is doing its job without complaint.
• Mildly increased - Detectable but not strong. Might be seen after exercise, on hot days, or with very mild inflammation. Worth monitoring closely. Recheck in a few hours and see if it resolves or escalates.
• Moderately increased - Clearly palpable without effort. Something is going on in that foot. Check for heat in the hoof wall, assess for lameness at the walk, and call your vet if the horse is uncomfortable or reluctant to move.
• Bounding/pounding - You can feel it practically radiating off the pastern. The artery is throbbing under your fingers with unmistakable intensity. This is significant inflammation and warrants immediate veterinary attention, full stop.

Always check all four feet and compare. Always. A bounding pulse in one foot suggests a localized problem like an abscess, bruise, or nail issue. Bounding pulses in both fronts point toward laminitis. Increased pulses in all four, also potentially laminitis, especially in horses with equine metabolic syndrome or Cushing's disease. Cornell's equine hospital has published data showing that bilateral forelimb digital pulse elevation is present in over 90 percent of confirmed acute laminitis cases at the time of initial examination.

Combining with Other Assessments

The digital pulse doesn't exist in isolation. Pair it with:

• Hoof wall temperature. Run the back of your hand down the hoof wall. An inflamed foot is often warmer than its neighbors. But hoof temperature fluctuates with environmental factors, sun exposure, standing on warm pavement versus cold mud, so use it as supporting information, not a standalone finding. Comparing one foot to the opposite foot on the same horse is far more informative than trying to judge absolute temperature.
• Lameness evaluation. Is the horse short-striding? Head-bobbing? Reluctant to move? Shifting weight from foot to foot in the crossties? Lameness confirms that the increased pulse is clinically significant rather than an incidental finding after exercise.
• Hoof tester response. If you have hoof testers, or your vet or farrier does, applying pressure to specific areas of the sole can help localize an abscess or identify focal sensitivity. A horse that reacts explosively to pressure over one spot likely has an abscess brewing right there.
• Overall vital signs. Heart rate, respiratory rate, gut sounds, temperature. A horse with laminitis secondary to systemic illness, endotoxemia, or grain overload may have other abnormalities that paint a bigger and more urgent clinical picture.

When to Call the Vet

Call your vet if:

• You detect a bounding digital pulse in any foot
• An increased pulse is accompanied by lameness, even mild lameness
• Both front feet (or all four) have increased pulses simultaneously
• The horse is reluctant to move, shifting weight, or standing in a characteristic "laminitic stance" with front feet extended forward and weight rocked back onto the heels
• You've recently changed feed, the horse got into the grain bin, or there's another potential laminitis trigger in the recent history
• The horse was recently shod and is showing signs of discomfort with an elevated pulse in the freshly shod foot

Don't wait on this. Don't take the "let's see how it looks in the morning" approach with a bounding pulse. Laminitis is progressive, and the damage that occurs in the first 24 to 72 hours often determines whether the horse returns to full work or faces a lifetime of chronic management. An abscess, while painful, is less of an emergency, but it still needs veterinary attention for proper drainage and pain management. Leaving an abscess to "blow out on its own" works sometimes, but veterinary guidance ensures proper treatment and faster resolution.

Learn this skill. Practice it regularly. It takes thirty seconds to check all four feet, and it tells you something critically important about what's happening inside a structure you can't see into or open up without serious consequences. That's pretty good return on investment for half a minute of your time standing in the barn aisle with your fingers on a pastern.

Frequently Asked Questions

Sources

• "Laminitis in Horses" - Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital vetmed.tamu.edu
• "The Digital Pulse: What It Means" - AAEP aaep.org
• "Hoof Abscess in Horses" - UC Davis Center for Equine Health ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu
• "Laminitis" - Merck Veterinary Manual merckvetmanual.com
• "Equine Digital Pulse Assessment" - Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine vet.cornell.edu